Thomas, Hugh. 1997. The Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1440-1870. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Xenophanes in the sixth century first Europeans to write of the physical difference between blacks and whites. Greeks and Romans unprejudiced and did not attribute qualities to people based on skin color (27).

Chapter 4: Portuguese in the mid 15th century under Prince Henry first to really exploit the west coast of Africa and establish the Atlantic Slave Trade. Began primarily as trading for, rather than the seizing of, slaves.

Unconfirmed as to whether Columbus carried slaves with him on his first few voyages to the Caribbean, however, it is highly likely (87).

First recorded Atlantic crossing of slaves was actually west to east (89).